一种基于解耦旋转锚框匹配策略的谷粒检测方法

【目的】基于计算机视觉技术建立水稻考种中谷粒计数与粒径的检测方法,节省考种人力成本,提升效率,有利于数字化育种体系建立。【方法】通过对比基于 YOLOv5l 骨架结构的水平框目标检测策略与基于 ResNet101 和 DarkNet53 骨架结构的旋转框检测策略,同时比较旋转框检测策略预测的水稻谷粒长宽比值与实际测量值之间的差异,验证该方法的可行性。【结果】旋转框的目标检测模型计算得到的水稻谷粒长宽比与实测值无显著差异,两者的均方根误差为 0.91~2.29;而水平框的目标检测模型计算的长宽比显著小于实测值,且均方根误差值（9.38~9.45）比旋转框的目标检测模型更大。基于水平框的目标检测策略与基于旋转框的检测策略在谷粒计数的精度几乎相当,但水平框检测模型无法实现水稻谷粒长宽比的准确计算,而使用旋转框的目标检测策略能够较为准确计算谷粒长宽比。【结论】基于解耦旋转锚框匹配策略可对水稻谷粒进行准确计数,相比传统水平框的目标检测策略,可降低检测中的背景噪声和密集堆积物体的漏检情况,同时快速准确计算水稻谷粒长宽比。该方法可以进一步应用到水稻品种识别中的谷粒长短和大小的计算,以及种子质量检测及品种鉴定等数字化育种场景中。     

旋转式多比例分样方法对作物籽粒分样效果的研究

为验证旋转式多比例分样方法的可行性,探究旋转式多比例分样方法对作物籽粒的分样效果,以谷子、绿豆、大豆和玉米籽粒材料制备成混合样品,在不同转速(0~30.0 r/min)处理和不同进样时间(60、90、120 s)内比较旋转式多比例分样方法获得1/2、1/4、1/8和1/16子样的代表性和缩分比误差。结果表明,在转速0~30.0 r/min和进样时间60~120 s的情况下,旋转式多比例分样方法获得子样的分样误差和均无显著差异,且均不高于四分法(CK)。但是,除不旋转(0 r/min)处理的1/8四盒和1/16单盒及30 r/min处理的1/16单盒子样的缩分比误差显著高于对照外,旋转处理(转速≥7.5 r/min)的单盒、双盒或四盒子样的缩分比误差不高于四分法对照。因此,在进行样品前处理的分样工作中应用旋转式多比例分样方法是可行的,应设置转速≥7.5 r/min,取相对2个扇盒或十字相对4个扇盒形成的子样。     

叶用莴苣叶片对LED脉冲光的光合响应模型及光能利用

为探究LED脉冲光对作物光合特性的影响,探讨在不影响作物正常生长的前提下如何进一步降低能耗,提高照光效率,选用叶用莴苣(Lactuca sative L.)为试验材料,设置5个占空比水平(20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)和14个频率水平(1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128,256、512、1 024、2 048、4 096和8 192 Hz),共计70个处理,以连续光(占空比100%)为对照,探讨不同形式脉冲光对叶片净光合速率(Pn)的影响,并构建脉冲光占空比和频率与净光合速率之间的响应模型。通过对模型边际效应、交互作用以及光能利用率(LUE)的分析得出:占空比和频率都对 Pn 增长有促进作用,随着占空比和频率的增加,Pn也随之增加并最终趋于稳定状态直至与连续光处理的Pn无显著差异;占空比越高,叶用莴苣叶片的Pn达到饱和的频率越低;当Pn达到饱和状态时,脉冲光下的LUE要显著高于连续光。综上,占空比20%、频率512 Hz为最佳占空比与脉冲光频率组合。该结果可为优化LED植物节能补光灯光源参数设计及研发提供理论支撑。     

遮阳网覆盖对径山抹茶原料生化成分的 影响

抹茶是一种以覆盖茶鲜叶加工而成的蒸青茶（碾茶）为原料,并用专用工具（石磨）碾磨出来的茶产品,其原料的品质直接影响抹茶的品质。本试验以径山地区的主要品种“鸠坑”、“迎霜”为试材,通过不同覆盖遮荫栽培技术的对比试验,研究其对鲜叶性状及茶叶中多酚类、氨基酸类、叶绿素等生化成分的影响。结果表明,覆盖遮阳处理技术不仅能明显提高芽叶的鲜嫩度,而且能明显提高茶叶中的叶绿素和游离氨基酸的含量,同时又能有效降低茶叶中多酚类物质的含量,从而又使鲜叶原料的酚氨比大幅度降低。所以,这对全面提升抹茶品质至关重要。     

华中地区水旱轮作酸性土磷、铁形态转化及机理

为探讨华中地区水旱轮作体系酸性土壤磷与铁的形态转化以及磷生物有效性变化,本研究于2018年和2019年水稻收获后采集该区域典型酸性红壤（低磷铁比）和黄棕壤（高磷铁比）,采用张守敬-杰克逊无机磷分级方法和梯度扩散薄膜（DGT）技术,对干湿交替培养样品磷形态、生物有效性磷（DGT-P）与铁（DGT-Fe）、Fe（Ⅱ）及无定形氧化铁（Fe_ox）等进行定量分析。结果表明：淹水过程中黄棕壤和红壤pH逐渐升高趋于中性;二者氧化还原电势（Eh）在淹水期间降低,土壤环境呈明显的还原条件。淹水过程黄棕壤和红壤中Fe²⁺与Fe_ox均增加,干燥后均明显降低。黄棕壤与红壤磷形态以铁结合态磷（Fe-P）与闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）为主,干湿交替过程中黄棕壤Oc-P向Fe-P转化,红壤Fe-P向Oc-P转化。在水-土界面以下120 mm土壤垂直剖面内,黄棕壤DGT-P和DGT-Fe释放水平先增加后减少;红壤DGT-Fe增加,DGT-P减少,黄棕壤P和Fe的同步释放相关性更显著。研究表明,干湿交替条件下酸性土壤磷形态主要是Fe-P与Oc-P之间转化,低P/Fe红壤以磷闭蓄化为主,高P/Fe黄棕壤Fe-P增加,以铁吸附磷为主;淹水导致DGT-P含量增加,生物有效性增加;干燥过程磷闭蓄化加深,但磷有效性并无明显降低,这与土壤磷水平有关。     

Yield performance and optimal nitrogen and phosphorus application rates in wheat and faba bean intercropping

Yield performance in cereal and legume intercropping is related to nutrient management, however, the yield response of companion crops to nitrogen (N) input is inconclusive and only limited efforts have focused on rationed phosphorous (P) fertilization. In this study, two multi-year field experiments were implemented from 2014–2019 under identical conditions. Two factors in a randomized complete block design were adopted in both experiments. In field experiment 1, the two factors included three planting patterns (mono-cropped wheat (MW), mono-cropped faba bean (MF), and wheat and faba bean intercropping (W//F)) and four N application rates (N0, 0 kg N ha^–1; N1, 90 and 45 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; N2, 180 and 90 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; and N3, 270 and 135 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively). In field experiment 2, the two factors included three P application rates (P0, 0 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; P1, 45 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; and P2, 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1) and the same three planting patterns (MW, MF, and W//F). The yield performances of inter- and mono-cropped wheat and faba beans under different N and P application rates were analyzed and the optimal N and P rates for intercropped wheat (IW) and MW were estimated. The results revealed that intercropping favored wheat yield and was adverse to faba bean yield. Wheat yield increased by 18–26%, but faba bean yield decreased by 5–21% in W//F compared to MW and MF, respectively. The stimulated IW yield drove the yield advantage in W//F with an average land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.12. N and P fertilization benefited IW yield, but reduced intercropped faba bean (IF) yield. Nevertheless, the partial LER of wheat (pLER_wheat) decreased with increasing N application rates, and the partial LER of faba bean (pLER_{faba bean}) decreased with increasing P application rates. Thus, LER decreased as N input increased and tended to decline as P rates increased. IW maintained a similar yield as MW, even under reduced 40–50% N fertilizer and 30–40% P fertilizer conditions. The estimated optimum N application rates for IW and MW were 150 and 168 kg ha^–1, respectively, and 63 and 62 kg ha^–1 for P₂O₅, respectively. In conclusion, W//F exhibited yield advantages due to stimulated IW yield, but the intercropping yield benefit decreased as N and P inputs increased. Thus, it was concluded that modulated N and P rates could maximize the economic and ecological functions of intercropping. Based on the results, rates of 150 kg Nha^–1 and 60 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1 are recommended for IW production in southwestern China and places with similar conditions.     

Changes in nutrient balance,methane emissions,physiologic biomarkers,and production performance in goats fed different forage-to-concentrate ratios during lactation

The objective was to determine the effect forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio and stage of lactation on methane emissions, digestibility, nutrient balance, lactation performance, and metabolic responses in lactating goats. Twenty Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were used in an experiment divided into 3 periods: early (30 d), mid (100 d), and late (170 d) lactation. All goats were fed a diet with 35:65 F:C (FCL) during early-lactation. Then, 1 group (n = 10 goats) remained on FCL through mid- and late-lactation while the other group (n = 10 goats) was fed a diet with 50:50 F:C at mid-lactation (FCM) and 65:35 (FCH) at late lactation. A greater proportion of concentrate in the diet was associated with greater overall intake and digestibility (P < 0.05). Energy balance was negative in early-lactation (−77 kJ/kg of BW^0.75, on average) and positive for FCL at mid- and late-lactation (13 and 35 kJ/kg of BW^0.75, respectively). Goats fed FCM and FCH maintained negative energy balance throughout lactation. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids at mid-lactation were greater for FCM than FCL (680 mEq/L), and at late-lactation concentrations were greater for FCH and FCL (856 mEq/L). A similar response was detected for plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Methane emission was greater (P < 0.05) for FCM than FCH (1.7 g CH₄/d). This study demonstrated that differences in F:C across stages of lactation lead to distinct metabolic responses at the level of the rumen and tissues.     

补播羊草和黄花苜蓿对退化草甸植物群落特征的影响

呼伦贝尔草原区是我国北方重要的生态屏障,近年来不合理的利用方式导致该地区退化草地面积不断扩大,为了探究牧草补播时间及补播比例对呼伦贝尔退化草甸草原植物群落特征的影响,为该地区退化草地修复提供依据。本研究以羊草（Leymus chinensis（Trin.） Tzvel.）和黄花苜蓿（Medicago falcata L.）为试验材料,采用双因素随机区组试验设计,通过测定幼苗数、高度、生物量等群落指标,并综合评价补播效果,结果表明：夏播羊草和黄花苜蓿幼苗数量显著高于春播和秋播（P<0.05）,夏播和秋播植物群落总生物量呈增加趋势,春播则呈减少趋势;补播措施提高了退化草地植物群落Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数,豆科和禾本科植物重要值呈增加趋势,其他科植物呈下降趋势。呼伦贝尔地区夏季补播羊草和黄花苜蓿以1∶3补播效果较好,而春播由于恢复时间短,需进一步观察。     

小麦粒叶比的研究

粒叶比是衡量单位叶面积光合生产力的综合性状。5年的试验结果分析表明,小麦粒叶比与单株产量和群体产量有一定的正相关,在品种之间存在遗传差异,但基因型—环境互作效应不明显,具有相对的稳定性。双列杂交F_1和F_2代的遗传分析表明,粒叶比符合简单的加显—显性模型,且为部分显性,其高值与隐性基因相联系,遗传方差中加性分量占主要优势,广义遗传力(>90％)和狭义遗传力(>80％)均较高,因此,在早代选择应是有效的。最后对粒叶比在小麦育种中的应用作了讨论。     

畦灌水流运动的一个数学模型

本文提出了推算畦灌水流推进过程的一个数学模型。田间试验表明,该模型的平均误差小于4％,最大误差小于10％。根据这个模型,文中还提出了计算改水成数和畦长的公式。